Brickwork quality control. Quality control of masonry work How quality control of masonry is carried out

Quality control. Compliance of masonry with the design and SNiP requirements is monitored during the process of receipt of materials at the construction site - incoming control, during the construction of structures - operational control and during acceptance - acceptance control.

1. During incoming inspection control the wall materials and mortar arriving at the construction site.

Wall materials check the work foreman, foreman and foreman to ensure that they meet the requirements of the standards in form and accuracy; promptly inform the construction laboratory about a new batch of wall material arriving at the construction site and participate in sampling for testing.

Ready solution, delivered to the construction site must have a passport indicating the date and time of manufacture, brand and mobility. The mortar received (or produced at the construction site) is additionally checked for the following main indicators: mobility, density, delamination and compressive strength. Such checks are carried out daily and whenever the composition of the solution changes.

The mobility of the solution is determined at least three times per shift. The amount of mobility is determined by the depth of immersion of the reference steel cone into it.

The density of the mortar mixture is determined using a 1-liter cylindrical vessel with a nozzle.

The stratification of a mortar mixture is determined in cases where, during transportation or storage, the mixture stratifies and its homogeneity is disrupted.

The compressive strength of a mortar is determined in cube samples measuring 70.7 x 70.7 x 70.7 mm at the age established in the specifications for this type of mortar. For each test period, three samples are made.

2. Operational control carried out by masons during work. They control the correct transportation and filling of masonry joints with mortar, verticality, horizontality and straightness of surfaces and corners, thickness of masonry, dimensions of walls and openings, etc. In this case, the mason (or inspection person) is guided by the maximum permissible deviations regulated by SNiP and specifications for various masonry structures ( Fig. 9.25 shows the permissible deviations for a brick wall as an example).

During the masonry process, the builder or craftsman must ensure that the methods of securing purlins, beams, decks and floor panels in walls and posts are consistent with the design. The ends of split purlins and beams resting on internal walls and pillars must be connected and embedded in the masonry; According to the design, reinforced concrete or metal pads are laid under the ends of the purlins and beams.

3. In the process of acceptance of stone structures establish the volume and quality of work performed, compliance of structural elements with working drawings and SNiP requirements.

4. During the acceptance of stone structures, the following is checked: correctness of dressing, thickness and filling of seams; verticality, horizontality and straightness of masonry surfaces and corners;
correct arrangement of sedimentary and expansion joints; correct installation of smoke and ventilation ducts; presence and correct installation of embedded parts; surface quality
quality of façade unplastered brick walls (evenness of color, observance of bandaging, pattern and jointing); quality of façade surfaces lined with various types of slabs and
stones; ensuring the drainage of surface water from the building and protecting foundations and basement walls from it.

|| Solid brickwork || Settlement and expansion joints || Masonry and installation work in winter. Carrying out work at negative temperatures || Repair, restoration, stone work. Masonry Repair Tools

Brickwork must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations and the Rules for the production and acceptance of work. Compliance with the above requirements will ensure the strength of the brickwork and high quality of work. The composition of the mason team, see table. 5.

Table 5. Composition of the mason team

The quality of the masonry is controlled by the mason. He ensures that brick and mortar are used according to the project, that the seams are bandaged correctly and their quality, the verticality, horizontality of the brickwork, the straightness of the walls and corners, the timely laying of embedded parts and connections, the correctness of the pattern, the jointing of the seams, the selection of bricks for facing masonry with even edges and corners, controls the quality of materials used. If the weather is too hot, the brick must be watered before laying; clay bricks must be completely soaked in water, this ensures good adhesion and hardening of the mortar. The quality of the masonry is constantly checked. Permissible wall heights during masonry without support (see Table 6).

Table 6. Permissible wall heights during masonry without support

The laying of corners is checked with a wooden triangle, the horizontality of the wall is checked with a level and a rule that is placed on the masonry, a level aligned with the horizon is placed on it, and the deviation is determined. A deviation that does not exceed the permissible value is corrected during the following rows (Fig. 36).

Rice. 36. :
walls (a), pillars (b)

Table 7. Permissible deviations (mm) in the dimensions and position of stone structures

The deviations established during the production of work are determined by the Rules for the production and acceptance of work (Table 7). The verticality of the surface of walls, corners, and the horizontality of the rows of masonry are checked at least 2 times on each tier of masonry by level and plumb line. Detected deviations are corrected during the laying of the next tier or floor. Deviations of the axes of structures, if they are insignificant, are eliminated at the level of interfloor ceilings (see Table 6).

The thickness of the seams is determined several times during the laying process; by measuring six rows of masonry, the average thickness of the seam is determined. The average thickness of horizontal joints should not exceed 12 cm, vertical joints - 10 cm. Stone buildings must be reliable, stable, serve as protection from the elements - precipitation, wind, cold, as well as maintain a constant temperature in the room, be inexpensive and beautiful. Natural and artificial stones are more durable than other materials, have high strength, frost resistance, and fire resistance. They have one drawback - they are labor intensive. Not only foundations and walls can be made of stone, but also staircases, partitions, individual pillars, arches, etc. The requirements change depending on the purpose of the masonry and its application (see Table 8).

Table 8. Types of brick walls

Rice. 37.

To give masonry strength and stability (Fig. 37), three basic rules must be observed: 1) each row of masonry must be perpendicular to the load acting on it; if the bricks are positioned differently, shear occurs; 2) vertical joints parallel to the outer surface of the masonry are required in the masonry. Horizontal seams must be strictly perpendicular to the same side. If the verticality and horizontality of the seams are violated, a wedge is formed and, as in the first case, a shift is possible; 3) the vertical seams of a given row must be shifted relative to the seams of the previous row. Otherwise, the seams expand and the masonry collapses.

All faces of natural and artificial stones have a rectangular shape, and each side of the stone has a specific name: bed - large face, spoon - side face, poke - smallest side (Fig. 38, a). In Fig. 38, b shows a masonry element. Depending on which stones face the outer surface, the rows of masonry are called spoon and bonded.

Rice. 38

Stones laid at the outer or inner surface of the masonry are called verst, and stones laid between the layouts are called backfill. For masonry, not only whole stones are used, but also their parts, multiples of the whole stone, and have the following names: quarter, half, three-quarter (Fig. 39). For bandaging seams when laying joints, intersections of walls, laying partitions, pillars, bricks of incomplete sizes are used. To obtain such bricks, masons themselves have to cut the bricks to the required size during the masonry production process.

Rice. 39

In order not to spoil good, whole bricks, they usually use broken ones or with chipped corners, or those with other defects. When laying incomplete bricks in a case, they are usually turned with the chipped side deep into the masonry, and the smooth surface outward. A mason, as a rule, must be able to determine the size of the required brick, so as not to damage the brick unnecessarily and be able to cut it correctly. If there is no skill in accurately determining the size of a brick, the ligation of seams in the masonry will be disrupted, the consumption of mortar will increase and the strength of the masonry will significantly decrease.

The length of the incomplete brick is measured on the handle of the hammer, and the notch of the required part of the brick is noted (Fig. 40, b). Using the sharp part of the hammer, draw a cutting line on the brick (Fig. 40, c), make a notch with the hammer on one side and the other, and cut the brick with a strong blow along the intended line. When cutting bricks, the hammer blow should be directed perpendicular to the spoon. If you deviate from this requirement, you will end up with an incomplete brick with an oblique end, which is difficult to use in masonry (Fig. 40, g). If necessary, split the brick lengthwise along all four planes, lightly tap along the marked line with a hammer (Fig. 40, i), and then apply strong short blows along the cutting line at the end of the brick, splitting it into the required parts. In addition to a hammer for chopping bricks, you can use a trowel (Fig. 31, a).

Rice. 40. :
a - measuring the size of a three-quarter; b - notch on the hammer handle; c - marking the cutting line with the tip of a hammer; g - checking the length of a part of a brick; d - notch with a blow perpendicular to the brick; e - cutting with a pick-hammer; g - incorrect cutting technique; h - cutting with a trowel across the spoon; and - cutting with a trowel along the spoon; k - brick cutting

For laying rounded belts and other masonry decorations, a pick-hammer is used. During hewing, the mason needs to ensure that tangential blows to the brick do not hit the hands and feet of the worker, and all work on chopping and hewing bricks must be done with gloves. The degree of complexity of masonry has many variations (Fig. 41). Laps are protrusions of brick on the front surface, collars are an overlap of several rows, edges are a reduction in the thickness of the masonry visible on the facade, and many other details.

Rice. 41. :
a - niche; b - pilaster

The walls are laid blank and with openings. The brickwork between the openings is called a pier, which can be rectangular or with quarters. Recesses in the wall are called niches, which are usually multiples of half the stone. Pilasters are projections from walls in the form of rectangular pillars. Shtraba - a place where the masonry is temporarily broken - is carried out if it is necessary to lay additional networks (electricity, water supply, sewerage, heat supply) indoors.

The quality of the masonry must be checked throughout the entire process of its construction. The laying of walls and other stone structures should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP Sh-17-78, compliance with which ensures high quality of work.

During the construction of masonry, they monitor the compliance of the mortars and stones used with the project, the correctness of the seams and their quality, the verticality, horizontality and straightness of surfaces and corners.

During masonry, hidden work should be accepted according to acts drawn up by representatives of the construction organization and technical supervision of the customer, and acceptance of hidden work is carried out before the start of subsequent work. The following completed work and structural elements are subject to intermediate acceptance with the drawing up of reports - bases and foundations; waterproofing; installed fittings; areas of masonry in places where trusses, purlins and beams support; installation of embedded parts; securing cornices and balconies; expansion joints; protection against corrosion of steel elements and parts embedded in masonry; sealing the ends of purlins and beams in walls and pillars; supporting floor slabs on walls.

Deviations in the size and position of stone structures from the design ones should not exceed the permissible limits. Thus, the deviation of both the surfaces and corners of the masonry from the vertical is allowed no more than 10 mm per floor and no more than 30 mm over the entire height of the building. The deviation of masonry rows from the horizontal per 10 m in length should be no more than 20 mm. Irregularities on the surface of the walls discovered when applying a 2 m long lath should not be more than 10 mm for plastered surfaces and more than 5 mm for unplastered surfaces. If deviations from the design dimensions are detected, as well as in the event of an increase in deviations compared to the permissible ones, the masonry must be dismantled and laid out again.

69 labor protection during masonry work

During the production of masonry, the following labor protection measures must be ensured:

• - the presence of fencing for window openings and door openings for balconies and loggias; openings in the walls are fenced at a height of 1 m, openings in the ceilings are also fenced or closed;
• - in buildings up to 12 m wide, scaffolding must be arranged throughout the entire work area. In staircases, work should be carried out from inventory platforms located on the internal walls of the staircases;
• - from each level masonry can be made to a height of 1.1... 1.2 m, each tier of the wall must be laid out so that the level of the wall after moving the working flooring is 2...3 rows of bricks above the new position of the flooring
• - protective inventory canopies 1.5 m wide should be installed along the entire perimeter of the building with an inclination towards the wall . The first row of canopies is located at a level of 6 m from the ground, the second - after 6...7 m with the obligatory transfer every two floors of the laid masonry;
• - canopies over the entrances to the building must have a plan of at least 2 x 2 m;
• - the supply of all piece materials must be provided in containers or cases, and the solution - only in dispensing bins;
• - masonry can be done from the ground, interfloor ceilings, scaffolding and scaffolding. It is allowed to work on a wall of three bricks or more, provided that the worker is securely secured to the fixed parts of the building;
• - systematically clear workplaces of debris and broken bricks;
• - scaffolding and scaffolding must meet the appropriate loads; the installation of fencing railings is mandatory; the ground under the external scaffolding is pre-planned and compacted. The scaffolding racks are installed on special shoes, the shields are attached to the crossbars of the tubular scaffolding, and the scaffolding itself is attached to parts of the building. Climbing onto scaffolding and scaffolding is carried out using stepladders with railings and side boards.
• 70 features of stone work in winter conditions

In winter conditions, for the construction of stone works in accordance with SNIP, those in which the outside air temperature is below + 5 C, and the min day temperature is below 0 C are considered. The most common and economical method of stone work in winter is the freezing method. Its essence is as follows: the solution in the seams of masonry at negative temperatures freezes quite quickly and the process of hardening begins only after thawing; When carrying out masonry work in accordance with SNIP, the brick should be wetted. In freshly laid masonry, under normal conditions, due to the capillary-porous structure of the stone material, intense water exchange occurs, i.e. free water from the solution passes into the stone and the seams are compacted. In winter conditions, this process is stopped by freezing of the solution, while most of the free water remains in the solution, turning into ice, expanding and preventing the compression of the seams, i.e. internal pressure forces arise in a frozen solution. But with the onset of positive temperatures, the strength of the solution decreases and by the end of thawing it reaches a critical value and, at the same time, the strength of the masonry decreases.

When masonry in winter conditions is carried out using mortars with a temperature not lower than +20°C, the following main methods are used:

• * freezing with the solution acquiring critical strength before freezing; use of antifreeze additives;
• * use of quick-hardening solutions based on alumina cement;
• * electric heating of masonry;
• * masonry reinforcement;
• * masonry in greenhouses.

Laying foundations. Before starting laying the foundations, the work contractor is obliged to personally check the correctness of the geodetic layout of the building axes, inputs and routes, the installation of benchmarks indicating the marks of the base of the foundations, as well as the quality of the foundation preparation.
When laying out the axes of a building whose linear dimensions do not exceed 10 m, deviations along its length and width should not exceed 10 mm, and for buildings measuring 100 m or more - 30 mm. For intermediate sizes, permissible deviations are established by interpolation. To check the correct alignment of the axes of the building, as well as to control the production of stone work, it is necessary to have a set of control and measuring tools.

The foundations of residential buildings are made of rubble stone, rubble concrete, brick and other stones, and more recently, as a rule, of large concrete and reinforced concrete blocks. Before starting masonry work, the condition of the scaffolding and scaffolding, as well as the mason’s personal tools (hammer-pick, set of trowels, plumb line, level, square, etc.) must be checked. Without quality tools it is quite difficult to produce quality work. It is best to purchase tools through specialized structures, for example https://fullkomplekt.ru/

Rubble masonry is produced “under the bay” and “under the blade”. Masonry “under the bay” is allowed for buildings with a height of no more than two floors. The masonry is made of torn stone in horizontal rows 15–20 cm high, facing the walls of trenches or formwork without laying out verst rows, but with crushed voids. The formwork is installed in the trench after excavation work is completed. In the case where the soil is dense, it is recommended to carry out the masonry without formwork - in opposition to the walls of the trench.

If there are bedded stones, the rubble masonry is laid “under the blade” in horizontal rows up to 30 cm high, with the selection of stones according to height, their pinning, crushing of voids and observance of bandaging. The first row, when laid on sandy soil or on a prepared base, is laid out dry from large bedded stones, followed by careful crushing, compaction and filling with liquid mortar. Milestone rows, corners and intersections of foundations are laid out from large, more bedded stones.

To facilitate control over the correct outline of the cross-section of foundations and walls, especially when laying in trenches, wooden templates are installed at least every 20 m. The internal edges of the template boards must correspond to the profile of the foundation. The template boards are used to mark the rows of masonry along which the mooring is pulled. On the same templates, the top and bottom are marked, the holes left in the foundations for laying sewer pipes, water supply, etc. Thus, the templates simultaneously perform the function of orders.
The workman or foreman is obliged to especially carefully check the correctness of the arrangement of sedimentary joints and junctions with existing buildings in the foundations. The ingress of surface and groundwater into the basement through sedimentary joints must be prevented by installing a clay castle, blind area or other measures provided for by the project.

Masonry of rubble basement walls performed simultaneously with internal brick cladding of 1/2 brick. Breaks in work during rubble masonry are allowed only after filling the gaps between the stones of the last laid row with mortar. The surface of the stones of this row is covered with mortar only when work on the next rows of masonry is resumed.
During breaks in work in dry, hot, windy weather, it is necessary to ensure that the rubble masonry is protected from drying out. To do this, the masonry is watered 3-4 times during the day or covered with roofing felt, glassine, shields, etc. Before resuming work, the masonry is cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. Before laying the plinth, the top row of masonry of the erected foundation is leveled using a level and the theodolite is used to check the correctness of the previously made layout of the building’s axes.

Rubble concrete masonry It is made by embedding rubble stones into laid concrete. The volume of rubble stone should be half the volume of laid concrete. For rubble concrete masonry, the same stones are used as for rubble masonry; cobblestone may be used unbroken. Before starting masonry, formwork is installed and scaffolding is arranged at such a level that the rubble stone does not have to be raised above 0.6 m. It is recommended to use collapsible panel formwork. This increases its turnover and makes installation and removal easier.
When using rubble concrete masonry, concrete is laid in horizontal layers no more than 25 cm thick. Stones up to one third of the thickness of the structure should be sunk in directly after laying the concrete; stones are sunk to a depth of at least half their height with intervals between them of 4–6 cm. Rubble concrete masonry is usually compacted by layer-by-layer vibration. The mobility of the concrete used is 5–7 cm. For small volumes of work, vibration can be avoided by using plastic concrete with a mobility of 8–12 cm. The quality of the concrete used is controlled by a construction laboratory.
A break in the work of rubble concrete masonry is allowed after laying stones in the laid layer of concrete so that after the break the masonry begins with laying concrete. The surface of the previously laid masonry is pre-cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. The work contractor, together with laboratory workers, must ensure that the exposed surfaces of freshly laid masonry are moistened in dry, hot or windy weather, and also that structures made of rubble concrete are loaded with the full design load only when the rubble concrete reaches its design strength.
When monitoring the quality of work performed, the foreman or foreman must be guided by SNiP III-17-78 “Stone structures” and ensure that deviations in the size and position of stone structures made of rubble and rubble concrete do not exceed those indicated in the table. 1.36 magnitude.

The following deviations of the surfaces and corners of the masonry from the vertical are allowed for one floor with a height of 3.2-4 m: walls - 20 mm, pillars - 15 mm; for the entire building: foundations - 20 mm, walls and pillars - 30 mm. Deviations of masonry rows from the horizontal are allowed for every 10 m of length: in foundations - by 30 mm, in walls - by 20 mm. Permissible irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry are detected by applying a 2 m long strip; on plastered and unplastered walls and pillars - 15 m, on unplastered foundations - 20 mm. The verticality of the surfaces and corners of the masonry, as well as the horizontality of its rows, are checked at least twice per 1 m of masonry height.

For laying foundations and plinths made of hewn and artificial stones It is recommended to use limestone and concrete stones made with clinker binders. The use of stones made with air binders (for example, gypsum) is not allowed. Gravel and crushed stone of natural rocks, crushed stone of strong and stable blast furnace slag, as well as brick and ceramic crushed stone are used as fillers for the production of concrete stones. For laying the foundations and plinths of buildings, ordinary clay bricks can also be used, and for the plinths of buildings above the waterproofing layer, clay hollow bricks of plastic pressing can be used.
Masonry of artificial and processed natural stones of the correct shape is carried out on mortar with a mobility of 9-13 cm. The mortar is laid in an even layer in horizontal joints. Vertical seams are filled with liquid mortar. The average thickness of horizontal joints in masonry made from concrete stones is 12 mm, and in masonry made from natural stones – 15 mm.
The average thickness of vertical joints for masonry made of concrete stones should be 10 mm, and for masonry made of natural stones of regular shape - 15 mm. In masonry made of concrete stones, transverse bonding is performed in every third row, and in masonry made of natural stones - in every second. The master and foreman of the masons are obliged to ensure that the stones of the outer and inner miles are laid with offset transverse vertical seams, and the brick lining of the walls is necessarily connected to the concrete masonry by butted rows of bricks or steel ties located at least through three rows of stone laying.

When checking the quality of masonry made of concrete and other stones of the correct shape, the work contractor and foreman are obliged to ensure that actual deviations in the dimensions and position of structures do not exceed the permissible SNiP III-17-78.
The construction of foundations from rubble and rubble concrete, as well as from small concrete and other stones of the correct shape, requires a lot of manual labor, since the possibility of using mechanisms for these works is very limited. Currently, the development of the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete makes it possible to widely use large prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete blocks for the construction of foundations and plinths of stone buildings five floors and higher.

Brick walls. They begin laying walls only after the workman or foreman checks: the completion of work on laying water supply inlets, district heating, gas pipelines and sewerage outlets; installation of floors above the basement, backfilling of pit cavities and installation of blind areas and drains. To drain surface water from the building; the quality of the wall material delivered to the construction site and the readiness of the work front.
The brickwork of walls and pillars is laid in horizontal rows, maintaining the verticality of the surfaces. Walls are laid using a multi-row or single-row (chain) seam bandaging system; pillars and narrow partitions no more than 1 m wide are laid using a three-row system. The master must ensure that masons use devices and tools to ensure the correctness of the masonry.
In order to maintain the exact direction of the masonry during the construction of the wall, the same thickness of the rows and the correctness of the masonry in the rows, orders are established (by plumb and level or by level) and a mooring cord is pulled along them. It is recommended to use inventory metal orders. A mooring made of twisted cord 2-3 mm thick is strengthened with a bracket.
The quality of the brickwork performed must be systematically monitored, for which the mason must use testing and measuring tools. The corners of the building are checked with a wooden square, the horizontality of the rows of brickwork on the walls is checked with a rule and a level at least twice on each tier of masonry. To do this, the rule is placed on the masonry, a level is placed on it and, having leveled it horizontally, the deviation of the masonry from the horizontal is determined. If it does not exceed the established tolerance, the deviation is eliminated during the laying of subsequent rows.
The verticality of wall surfaces and masonry corners is controlled by level and plumb line at least twice on each tier of masonry. If deviations are found that do not exceed the permissible ones, they are corrected when laying the next tier or floor. Deviations of the axes of structures, if they do not exceed the tolerances established by SNiP III-17-78, are eliminated in the levels of interfloor ceilings.
Brickwork of walls, piers and pillars should begin and end with bonded rows. The butt rows should be laid under beams, purlins, mauerlats, at the level of edges of walls and pillars, as well as in protruding rows of masonry (for example, cornices, corbels). The bonded rows are laid out from whole bricks.

The most loaded parts in a building's structure are pillars and piers less than 2.5 bricks wide, and therefore they should be laid out of selected whole bricks. Half brick and broken brick can only be used in backfill masonry and lightly loaded structures (on sections of walls under windows, when filling frame walls).
The workman or craftsman is obliged to ensure that the height of the facing ceramic brick corresponds to the height of the masonry material. In exceptional cases, when laying with ordinary single-row bricks, facing stones with a height of 140 mm are used. This combination is permissible only if red brick of plastic pressing is used as the main masonry material with a reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the masonry by 10%. This should be stated in the draft. It is not recommended to use sand-lime brick with dry-pressed brick.
Laying of walls at intersections, junctions or junctions should be done simultaneously, observing the correct dressing of the seams. In cases where the brickwork is being laid with gaps, the foreman or foreman must control the correctness of the inclined or vertical grooves and check for the presence of steel connections in the previously completed brickwork. Steel ties are placed at least every 2 m in height and always at the level of each floor. The ties usually have a length of at least 1 m from the junction corner and end with anchors.
It is necessary to periodically (twice per shift) check the thickness of the seams, for which five to six rows of brickwork are measured and the average seam thickness is calculated. For example, five rows of masonry walls are 395 mm, then the average height of one row of masonry will be 395:5 = 79 mm, and the average thickness of the seam is 790:65 = 14 mm.
The average thickness of horizontal joints of brickwork within the height of the floor should be 12 mm, vertical joints - 10 mm. In this case, the thickness of individual horizontal seams should be no less than 10 and no more than 15 mm, and vertical joints should be no less than 8 and no more than 15 mm. Thickening of seams contrary to those provided for by the rules can only be allowed in cases specified by the project; in this case, the dimensions of thickened seams are indicated in the working drawings.
The correct filling of the joints with mortar is checked by removing individual bricks of the laid row in different places at least three times along the height of the floor.
When checking horizontal and transverse vertical joints of brick masonry walls, as well as longitudinal joints of brick masonry lintels and partitions less than 1 m wide, it is necessary to ensure that they are completely filled with mortar. In longitudinal joints of blind walls and piers with a width of 1 m or more, partial filling of the joints with mortar is allowed. In the pillars, all seams must be completely filled with mortar, which is checked by removing individual bricks of the laid row in different places (at least three times along the height of the floor). The depth of joints not filled with mortar on the side of the front surface when laying hollow areas is allowed no more than 15 mm in walls and no more than 10 mm (vertical joints only) in columns.
The maximum height of walls erected without reinforcement with floors or coverings should not exceed the values ​​​​established by SNiP III-17-78.

In the production of brickwork in seismic areas increased demands should be placed on the quality of the stone wall materials and mortar used. The surfaces of stone, brick or block must be cleaned of dust before laying. In mortars intended for the construction of masonry, Portland cement should be used as a binder.
Before the start of masonry work, the construction laboratory determines the optimal relationship between the amount of pre-wetting of the local stone wall material and the water content of the mortar mixture. Solutions are used with high water-holding capacity (water separation no more than 2%). The use of cement mortars without plasticizers is not allowed.
Masonry of bricks and ceramic slotted stones is carried out in compliance with the following additional requirements: masonry of stone structures is erected to the full thickness of the structures in each row; horizontal, vertical, transverse and longitudinal joints of the masonry are filled completely with mortar with cutting of the mortar on the outer sides of the masonry; masonry walls in places of mutual abutment are erected simultaneously; The bonded rows of masonry, including backfill, are laid out of whole stone and brick; temporary (assembly) breaks in the masonry being erected end with an inclined groove and are located outside the places of structural reinforcement of the walls.
When reinforcing brickwork (pillars), it is necessary to ensure that the thickness of the seams in which the reinforcement is located exceeds the diameter of the reinforcement by at least 4 mm, while maintaining the average thickness of the seam for a given masonry. The diameter of the wire of the transverse mesh for masonry reinforcement is allowed to be no less than 3 and no more than 8 mm. When the wire diameter is more than 5 mm, a zigzag mesh should be used. The use of individual rods (laid mutually perpendicular in adjacent seams) instead of knitted or welded rectangular mesh or zigzag mesh is prohibited.
To control the placement of reinforcement when mesh reinforcement of pillars and piers, the ends of individual rods (at least two) in each mesh should be released from the horizontal joints of the masonry by 2-3 mm.
During the masonry process, the builder or craftsman must ensure that the methods of securing purlins, beams, decks and floor panels in walls and posts are consistent with the design. The ends of split purlins and beams resting on internal walls and pillars must be connected and embedded in the masonry; According to the design, reinforced concrete or metal pads are laid under the ends of the purlins and beams.
When laying ordinary or wedge lintels, you should use only selected whole bricks and use a mortar of grade 25 and higher. The lintels are embedded in the walls at a distance of at least 25 cm from the slope of the opening. Under the bottom row of bricks, stacked iron or steel wire with a diameter of 4–6 mm is placed in a layer of mortar at the rate of one rod with a cross-section of 0.2 cm 2 for each part of the lintel half a brick thick, unless the design provides for stronger reinforcement.
When laying a cornice, the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the length of the brick, and the total extension of the cornice should not exceed half the thickness of the wall. Cornices with a large offset should be reinforced or made on reinforced concrete slabs, etc., strengthening them with anchors embedded in the masonry.
Brickwork of walls must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP III-17-78. During the production of brickwork, acceptance is carried out according to the hidden work report. Hidden work subject to acceptance includes: completed waterproofing; installed fittings; areas of masonry in places where purlins and beams support; installation of embedded parts - connections, anchors, etc.; fastening cornices and balconies; protection against corrosion of steel elements and parts embedded in masonry; sealing the ends of purlins and beams in walls and pillars (presence of support plates, anchors and other necessary parts); sedimentary joints; supporting floor slabs on walls, etc.

Based on materials from the reference book "Universal reference book for a foreman" STC "Stroyinform"

Properly executed brickwork of walls determines the reliability and strength of the future structure. The criteria for assessing the quality of brickwork are regulated by SNiP for load-bearing and enclosing structures. Before starting construction work, you need to know what happens brickwork inspection

The building codes and regulations describe the following main points: brickwork inspections:

1. Permissible thickness of masonry joints:

• 10 mm (+5/-2 mm) for vertical seams;
• 12 mm (+3/-2 mm) for horizontal seams.

1. Permissible excess of deviations of the size of structures from the design value:

Building codes also regulate the entire process of bricklaying; it is according to them that the brickwork is checked:

1. The permissible deviation is no more than 10 mm for the marks of the supporting surfaces; no more than 20 mm displacement of the vertical axes of window openings; 10 mm displacement of the axes of the structure. It is impossible to weaken the structure with a hole or niche that is not provided for in the design.

1. Masonry surfaces and corners cannot deviate from the vertical more than:

• by 10 mm for one floor;
• by 15 mm for buildings up to two floors high. For accurate measurements you need

The verticality of the masonry is controlled by a plumb line and level twice on each tier, and the quality of the corners is checked using a square.

1. For every 10 meters of the wall, deviation of the masonry from the horizontal is allowed no more than 15 mm. Level and rule are tools for checking the horizontality of the rows (checked twice on each tier of brickwork).

1. Irregularities identified when applying a two-meter strip to vertical surfaces should not exceed 10 mm.

1. When multi-row dressing of seams, it is necessary to lay bonded rows under all prefabricated structures: the supporting part of the beams, floor slabs, balconies and purlins.

1. For window and door openings, it is necessary to install lintels according to the project.

1. The support area for the reinforced concrete slab must correspond to the dimensions specified in the project. In this case, the difference in elevations of two joined floor slabs cannot exceed 5 mm for a slab 4 meters long and 10 mm for longer slabs.

1. To tie with the masonry, which will be built later, in the place of the break, the masonry must be made in the form of a vertical or inclined groove. Every 2 meters of masonry, place 3 reinforcement bars in the seams.

1. A height of no more than 1.8 m is allowed for unreinforced brick partitions with a thickness of 12 cm, if they are not supported by ceilings or temporary fastenings.
2. Masonry in a waste area allows the following depth of joints unfilled with masonry mortar:
   • in columns no more than 10 mm (vertical seams only);
   • in other seams on the outside, no more than 15 mm.
3. Rules for masonry with reinforcement:

• the thickness of the seam cannot exceed 16 mm, but when crossing the reinforcement, the thickness of the seam should be 4 mm greater than the sum of the diameters of the rods;
• When manufacturing and laying meshes for transverse reinforcement of piers, it is necessary to ensure that at least two rods protrude and rest on the inner surface of the pier.

Before starting work, it is important to check the brand of brick and masonry mortar used, and also during the masonry process to monitor the correct dressing. After completion of construction, it is necessary to carry out. If you are not ready to do it yourself inspection of brickwork- contact the professionals!