Quality control of stone works. Quality control of brickwork Quality control during masonry work

If you have a tile laying specialist working with you during the renovation, you can check the quality of his work as follows.

It is advisable to begin monitoring the quality of the tiler's work at the stage of preparation of work.

While working, do not intrusively visually control the appearance of the cladding. There should be no obvious defects: strongly protruding or depressed tiles that deviate greatly from the size of the seams; there should be no “ladders” at the joints of the tiles.

The sooner you notice a defect during the work process, the easier it is to fix it. A good master must constantly monitor himself in the process of work and avoid defects in his work.

Take the time to pull the cord along the seams. The seam line, both horizontal and vertical, should not deviate from the tensioned cord.

Pay attention to the quality of fitting and cutting of tiles for faucets, heated towel rails, and risers. At the first such deficiency, it is necessary to conduct additional negotiations with the master about the required quality.

Be sure to check the tightness of adhesion of the tiles to the surface of the floor or wall. There should be no voids. The presence of voids can be checked by tapping. This must be done after the glue has hardened, usually within a day.

The rule (or a flat 2m strip) applied to the lined surface should not bounce on uneven surfaces if it is moved along the surface in all directions. This checks the presence of a plane on the lined surface.

The above is a visual assessment. There are also quantitative indicators for standards and tolerances for tiling. These indicators are established by SNiP 3.04.01-87 “Insulating and finishing coatings”.

According to this regulatory document:

1. The thickness of the adhesive layer (for cement-based mixtures) is from 7 to 15 mm. (for floor tiles I recommend at least 8 - 10 mm.).

2. Deviations of the lined surface from the vertical per linear meter: external work is 2 mm, internal work is 1.5 mm.

3. Deviations of the location of seams from the vertical and horizontal per one linear meter of seam - external work is 2 mm, internal work is 1.5 mm.

4. Allowed profile discrepancies at the joints of architectural details and seams - external work 4 mm, internal work - 3 mm.

5. Tolerances for unevenness of a tiled surface (check with a 2 m long rack): external work 3 mm, internal work - 2 mm.

6. Deviation in the width of the tile joint is 500 microns.

It should be understood that the given quantitative indicators are used for perfectly smooth walls and tiles of the same size, which is practically impossible in real life. It is believed that if the differences in point 5 are no more than 4 mm, then this is high-quality work.

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Masonry of irregularly shaped stones. Areas of use.

Rubble and rubble-concrete masonry is made from irregularly shaped stones.
Rubble stone is called masonry made of natural stones connected with mortar (Fig. IX.22, a). For rubble masonry they use: irregularly shaped stones - torn stones; bedded - stones with two parallel planes; cobblestones are stones that have a rounded shape.

Rubble masonry is used in the construction of foundations, basement walls, retaining walls, etc., and torn stones are placed in foundations and basement walls, and bedded stones are used in structures that bear significant vertical loads. It is also advisable to use sheet stones for the construction of walls of one- and low-story residential buildings. Rubble stone masonry is laid in rows, laying out corners, intersections and foundation walls, as well as milestone rows of larger stones.
Rubble masonry is produced in the following ways: “under the blade” or “under the gulf”.
Masonry “under the blade” is carried out on mortar in horizontal rows of stones selected in height with the seams bandaged using a two-row system. The thickness of each row is about 25 cm. The space between the milestone rows is filled with small stones and mortar. For masonry, a mortar with a mobility of 40...60 mm is used. The “under the shoulder” method is used to lay foundations, walls and pillars. In contrast to the laying of walls and pillars in foundations, the first row is laid dry from large bedded stones directly onto the mainland soil.

Bay masonry is used in the construction of low-rise buildings. When constructing ground walls, the masonry is laid in formwork, and when constructing foundations, it is laid in space with the vertical walls of the trenches. The stones are laid in horizontal rows 15...20 cm thick with the spaces between them carefully filled with small stones (crushed stone). Each row is filled with mortar with a mobility of 130...150 mm. The stones are laid without strictly bandaging the seams and making milestone rows, which is less labor-intensive and does not require highly qualified masons. However, when pouring, the solution does not always fill all the voids, which can reduce the density and load-bearing capacity of the masonry.

With a wall thickness of 0.6...0.7 m, rubble masonry is laid in tiers 1...1.2 m high. With an increase in wall thickness, the height of the tier decreases. Rubble masonry is made with the same tools as brick masonry, using the same devices. Additional tools are sledgehammers designed for breaking and chipping stones. As a rule, rubble masonry is carried out by a team of masons, consisting of 2 and 3 people. ("two" and "three"); When the masonry thickness is less than 80 cm, the work is performed by the “two” link, and when the masonry thickness is more than 80 cm, the “troika” link performs the work.

Rubble concrete masonry is a concrete mixture with rubble stones embedded in it (Fig. IX.22.6). For it, a slow-moving concrete mixture is used (with a cone draft of 3...5 cm) and stones no larger than 30 cm in size, but not more than 1/3 of the thickness of the structure. The masonry process consists of laying a layer of concrete mixture about 20 cm high and embedding rubble stone into it. Then the operation is repeated until the design height of the structure is reached. It is advisable to lay a covering layer of concrete mixture on top of the last layer of stones and compact it with surface vibrators.

To ensure the required density, solidity and strength of the masonry, the number of embedded stones should not exceed 50% of the volume of the structure being erected and the stones should be located at a distance of 4...5 cm from each other and from the outer surface of the structure. Rubble concrete masonry is carried out in formwork (in some cases, foundations can be built in space with the walls of the trench in tiers. The sequence of installing external and internal formwork and filling them is identical to similar operations when constructing walls made of monolithic concrete. The masonry is carried out by a team of concrete masons of 8 people 2 people. they assemble and dismantle the formwork, 2 - prepare the stone and transport it to the laying site, 2 - lay the concrete mixture, 2 - embed the stones.

Rubble concrete masonry has greater strength and is less labor intensive compared to rubble masonry, but leads to an increase in cement consumption.

Features and technology of masonry in winter. Masonry quality control.

Masonry quality control

The quality of the masonry must meet certain standards that must be adhered to during the work process. Compliance with these standards will help to complete all masonry efficiently and accurately:

□ maximum deviation of walls from the designed thickness - 15 mm;

□ permissible deviation of the wall surface from the vertical - 10 mm;

□ it is allowed to deviate the rows of masonry from the horizontal by at least 7 mm per 5 m of length;

□ unevenness on the vertical surface of the wall when applying a 2 m long strip should be no more than 10 mm;

□ discrepancies in the marks of the upper surfaces of the walls are permissible within 10 mm;

□ the discrepancy in the thickness of masonry joints should not exceed: horizontal - +3 mm, -2 mm, vertical - +2 mm, -2 mm.

Carrying out rubble masonry allows for large errors in work:

□ according to the thickness of the structure - up to 30 mm in both directions - for the foundation and up to 20 mm - for the walls;

□ according to the marks of the supporting surfaces - 25 mm for the foundation, 15 mm for the walls;

□ according to the deviation of the surface of the wall masonry from the vertical - 20 mm;

□ according to the deviation of the rows of masonry from the horizontal by 5 m of the wall length - 15 mm for the foundation, 10 mm for the walls;

□ for unevenness on the vertical surface of the wall when applying a 2 m long strip - 15 mm.

The correct placement of 90 degree angles is monitored using a wooden triangle. The horizontality of the rows is checked using the rule on which the building level is placed. If an error is discovered during the laying process, it must be corrected during the laying of the next rows. The verticality of the walls is controlled using a plumb line at least twice for every meter of masonry.

Masonry in winter conditions

There is no doubt that all masonry work is best carried out in the summer or during the warm season, when the temperature outside is between 8-10 °C. But it happens that construction has to begin in winter. If you become familiar with the features of masonry in winter conditions, then frosts will no longer be an obstacle to successful construction and will not interfere with the implementation of your plans.

As a rule, as the temperature decreases, the hardening of the solution slows down. At an outside temperature of +5 °C, the solution hardens 3-4 times slower than at normal temperatures; at zero degrees the solution does not harden at all. At temperatures below zero, the masonry gains strength due to the freezing of the mortar. A garage built at sub-zero temperatures is not in danger of collapsing the foundation and masonry. With the onset of spring and rising temperatures, the masonry thaws, and the strength of the mortar will temporarily decrease. Gradually, the masonry mortar (2-6 days pass from the moment the outside temperature reaches above zero) hardens again, and the strength of the masonry increases.

The final strength of the masonry in this case will be lower than under normal temperature conditions, but for a garage this will be quite enough. It is recommended to strictly follow the masonry technology: all dressings must be carried out accurately, without deviations from the recommended schemes. This will help protect yourself from unexpected troubles when defrosting the building in the spring.

The technology for masonry work in winter is no different from that used under normal conditions. Bricks or stones should be cleared of ice and snow. The water for the solution should be heated to 800 °C, and the sand to 600 °C. It must be borne in mind that the solution has the property of quickly cooling and freezing, so you should not prepare it in large quantities. You can work with fresh solution for 30-40 minutes, after which a new portion is prepared. If you need to lay a mile, then the solution should be spread no more than two adjacent bricks; when making a backfill - no more than 6-7 bricks.

The recommended optimal solution temperature during operation is +15 °C. “In this case, the outside air temperature should be no lower than 200 ° C at a wind speed of 6 m/s. If the wind speed increases, then the temperature of the solution should be increased to +20 ° C. It is best to insulate the box for the solution; it is even better to build it with heating It is not recommended to use frozen or heated with hot water mortar for masonry.

The thickness of horizontal masonry joints should not exceed 12 mm, and vertical joints - 10 mm. Thickening of the joints may result in the mortar leaking out during thawing under the influence of load from the overlying part of the wall. With rapid freezing, the possibility of eliminating masonry errors is eliminated, so its quality must be monitored especially carefully. From time to time, the verticality of the walls should be checked. Thawing of inclined walls leads to an increase in tilt, which can destroy the masonry.

The gripping effect of the solution is enhanced with the help of so-called antifreeze chemical additives. Such additives include sodium nitrite, potash, their mixture, calcium nitrite with urea, as well as a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride. The addition of these substances promotes partial setting of the solution in the cold and improves the adhesion of the solution to the stone after thawing. Additives should range from 1.5 to 15 percent of the cement weight, depending on the average daily air temperature. The setting of such mortars is much higher than that of cement, so you need to ensure that the mortar is used up before it begins to set. When preparing a solution, it should be mixed not with water, but with an aqueous solution of chemical additives. The filler in it will be ordinary sand; The cement must be of grade no lower than 300.

Masonry using such mortars has a significant drawback. Chemical additives that provide the antifreeze properties of the solution are hygroscopic substances that increase the humidity in the room. For this reason, so-called efflorescence can often be observed on the surface of walls built in winter.

When erecting brick structures, quality control of the brickwork is mandatory. This is dictated by the requirements placed on it, the main of which are strength and stability.

Already at the stage of receiving materials at the construction site, “incoming control” is carried out - this is an assessment and quality control of materials received for construction - in our case, in particular, brick, mortar, fittings.

Materials are usually provided with passports and certificates of conformity, and during visual inspection the required geometric dimensions must be maintained. Previous articles described the construction of brick partitions and indicated the permissible deviations in brick dimensions. You can check it out.

Today I want to dwell in more detail on what quality control of brickwork is necessary.

Basic rules for bricklaying

When laying walls and pillars, it is mandatory to check the verticality and horizontality of the rows and correctly bandage the seams. Having finished laying the floor, you need to check the horizontalness and top level of the brickwork with a level.

When facing brick masonry, the base of the masonry and the facing masonry should be rigidly tied together with a bandage. The same applies to walls and partitions erected with jointing.

Brick pillars, piers or pilasters with a width of 640 mm or less must be laid out of solid brick;

Half-bricks are used only in laying small load-bearing wall elements (under windows, etc.);

When making a cornice, the amount of overhang of all rows of masonry without exception should be equal to or less than a third of the brick (in length), and the total offset should not be more than the thickness of the wall;

All protruding parts (for example, the edge of the base) must be protected from atmospheric moisture by draining the solution;

The seams in the walls of the brickwork, in the lintels, pillars and piers must be filled with mortar, except for empty masonry. If this is a waste area, then the depth of the seams not filled with mortar should not be more than 15 mm on the front side;

When reinforcing masonry, reinforcement bars protrude beyond the surface of the plane up to 10 mm.

When fastening brickwork in frame-type buildings, steel ties according to the design are used to the columns.

Dressing sutures:

For walls - multi-row ligation or single-row (chain), the same is applicable for brick pillars, piers with a width of more than one meter.

Bonded rows are laid only from solid bricks.

Whatever the dressing scheme, the splice rows must be completed:

• In the very first lower and last upper rows of structures;
• In protruding rows of brickwork (belts, cornices, etc.);
• At the level (mark) of the edges of the walls or pillars;
• Under the supporting parts of floor slabs, beams, purlins, under mauerlats, etc.

If there is an expansion joint in the building:

As a rule, it should coincide with the foundation seams. The seam cuts through the foundation in a straight line; in brick walls it is made with a tongue and groove (in plan). Therefore, the vertical ridge of the tongue should begin to be laid out from the third row of masonry - 2 bricks above the top of the foundation (cut).

Enough theory, all this is regulated by SNiP. Let's move on to the numbers.

Quality control indicators for bricklaying:

I will give the permissible deviations (in mm) for quality control of work rated “good”:

• Wall thickness + or - 6
• Floor cut marks 10
• Offset of structure axes 6
• Horizontal offset
  12 rows of masonry along the length of 10m
• Width of walls - 10
• Displacement of the axes of the walls 15
• Deviation of the wall from
  vertical to floor 6
• The same, for the whole building 20
• Horizontal seams (thickness) 12
• Vertical 10
• Irregularities when applying
  slats = 2 meters
  plastered walls 6
• Unplastered walls 3

These are the main points of masonry quality control.
Watch an interesting video on how a brick is tested for compression.

Quality control during the laying process. The laying of walls and other brick structures should be carried out in accordance with the design in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures. Rules for the production and acceptance of work,” compliance with the requirements of which ensures the necessary strength of the structures being erected and high quality of work.

Laying foundations

Before starting laying the foundations, the work contractor is obliged to personally check the correctness of the geodetic layout of the building axes, inputs and routes, the installation of benchmarks indicating the marks of the base of the foundations, as well as the quality of the foundation preparation.

When laying out the axes of a building whose linear dimensions do not exceed 10 m, deviations along its length and width should not exceed 10 mm, and for buildings measuring 100 m or more - 30 mm. For intermediate sizes, permissible deviations are established by interpolation. To check the correct alignment of the axes of the building, as well as to control the production of stone work, it is necessary to have a set of control and measuring tools.

The foundations of residential buildings are made of rubble stone, rubble concrete, brick and other stones, and more recently, as a rule, of large concrete and reinforced concrete blocks.

Rubble masonry is produced “under the bay” and “under the blade”. Masonry “under the bay” is allowed for buildings with a height of no more than two floors. The masonry is made of torn stone in horizontal rows 15-20 cm high, facing the walls of trenches or formwork without laying out verst rows, but with crushed voids. The formwork is installed in the trench after excavation work is completed. In the case where the soil is dense, it is recommended to carry out the masonry without formwork - in opposition to the walls of the trench.

If there are bedded stones, the rubble masonry is laid “under the blade” in horizontal rows up to 30 cm high, with the selection of stones according to height, their pinning, crushing of voids and observance of bandaging. The first row, when laid on sandy soil or on a prepared base, is laid out dry from large bedded stones, followed by careful crushing, compaction and filling with liquid mortar. Milestone rows, corners and intersections of foundations are laid out from large, more bedded stones.

To facilitate control over the correct outline of the cross-section of foundations and walls, especially when laying in trenches, wooden templates are installed at least every 20 m. The internal edges of the template boards must correspond to the profile of the foundation. The template boards are used to mark the rows of masonry along which the mooring is pulled. On the same templates, the top and bottom are marked, the holes left in the foundations for laying sewer pipes, water supply, etc. Thus, the templates simultaneously perform the function of orders.

The workman or foreman is obliged to especially carefully check the correctness of the arrangement of sedimentary joints and junctions with existing buildings in the foundations. The ingress of surface and groundwater into the basement through sedimentary joints must be prevented by installing a clay castle, blind area or other measures provided for by the project.

The laying of rubble basement walls is carried out simultaneously with the internal brick lining of 1/2 brick. Breaks in work during rubble masonry are allowed only after filling the gaps between the stones of the last laid row with mortar. The surface of the stones of this row is covered with mortar only when work on the next rows of masonry is resumed. During breaks in work in dry, hot, windy weather, it is necessary to ensure that the rubble masonry is protected from drying out. To do this, the masonry is watered 3-4 times during the day or covered with roofing felt, glassine, shields, etc. Before resuming work, the masonry is cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. Before laying the plinth, the top row of masonry of the erected foundation is leveled using a level and the theodolite is used to check the correctness of the previously made layout of the building’s axes.

Rubble concrete masonry is made by embedding rubble stones into laid concrete. The volume of rubble stone should be half the volume of laid concrete. For rubble concrete masonry, the same stones are used as for rubble masonry; cobblestone may be used unbroken. Before starting masonry, formwork is installed and scaffolding is arranged at such a level that the rubble stone does not have to be raised above 0.6 m. It is recommended to use collapsible panel formwork. This increases its turnover and makes installation and removal easier.

When using rubble concrete masonry, concrete is laid in horizontal layers no more than 25 cm thick. Stones up to one third of the thickness of the structure should be sunk in directly after laying the concrete; stones are sunk to a depth of at least half their height with intervals between them of 4-6 cm. Rubble concrete masonry is usually compacted by layer-by-layer vibration. The mobility of the concrete used is 5-7 cm. For small volumes of work, vibration can be avoided by using plastic concrete with a mobility of 8-12 cm. The quality of the concrete used is controlled by a construction laboratory.

A break in the work of rubble concrete masonry is allowed after laying stones in the laid layer of concrete so that after the break the masonry begins with laying concrete. The surface of the previously laid masonry is pre-cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. The work contractor, together with laboratory workers, must ensure that the exposed surfaces of freshly laid masonry are moistened in dry, hot or windy weather, and also that structures made of rubble concrete are loaded with the full design load only when the rubble concrete reaches its design strength.

When monitoring the quality of work performed, the foreman or foreman must be guided by SNiP 3.03.01-87 and ensure that deviations in the dimensions and position of stone structures made of rubble and rubble concrete do not exceed those indicated in the table. 1 magnitude

Table 1

The following deviations of surfaces and angles of masonry from the vertical are allowed per floor with a height of 3.2-4 m: walls - 20 mm, pillars - 15 mm; for the entire building: foundations - 20 mm, walls and pillars - 30 mm. Deviations of masonry rows from the horizontal are allowed for every 10 m of length: in foundations - by 30 mm, in walls - by 20 mm. Permissible irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry are detected by applying a 2 m long strip; on plastered and unplastered walls and pillars - 15 m, on unplastered foundations - 20 mm. The verticality of the surfaces and corners of the masonry, as well as the horizontality of its rows, are checked at least twice per 1 m of masonry height.

For laying foundations and plinths made of hewn and artificial stones, it is recommended to use limestone and concrete stones made with clinker binders. The use of stones made with air binders (for example, gypsum) is not allowed. Gravel and crushed stone of natural rocks, crushed stone of strong and stable blast furnace slag, as well as brick and ceramic crushed stone are used as fillers for the production of concrete stones. For laying the foundations and plinths of buildings, ordinary clay bricks can also be used, and for the plinths of buildings above the waterproofing layer, clay hollow bricks of plastic pressing can be used.

Masonry of artificial and processed natural stones of the correct shape is carried out on mortar with a mobility of 9-13 cm. The mortar is laid in an even layer in horizontal joints. Vertical seams are filled with liquid mortar. The average thickness of horizontal joints in masonry made of concrete stones is 12 mm, and in masonry made from natural stones - 15 mm.

The average thickness of vertical joints for masonry made of concrete stones should be 10 mm, and for masonry made of natural stones of regular shape - 15 mm. In masonry made of concrete stones, transverse bonding is performed in every third row, and in masonry made of natural stones - in every second. The master and foreman of the masons are obliged to ensure that the stones of the outer and inner miles are laid with offset transverse vertical seams, and the brick lining of the walls is necessarily connected to the concrete masonry by butted rows of bricks or steel ties located at least through three rows of stone laying.

When checking the quality of masonry made of concrete and other stones of the correct shape, the workman and foreman are obliged to ensure that actual deviations in the dimensions and position of structures do not exceed the permissible SNiP.

The construction of foundations from rubble and rubble concrete, as well as from small concrete and other stones of the correct shape, requires a lot of manual labor, since the possibility of using mechanisms for these works is very limited. Currently, the development of the production of prefabricated reinforced concrete makes it possible to widely use large prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete blocks for the construction of foundations and plinths of stone buildings five floors and higher.