Maintenance of cable lines. Manual "Manual for the operation of line-cable structures of local communication networks" Maintenance of cables in cable structures

Repair of line-cable structures means a type of planned repair that is carried out as necessary to protect structures from premature wear and damage.

When repairing cable structures, the following work is performed:

a) inspection and repair of cable structures in cabinet areas;

b) inspection and repair of cables in the sewer system;

c) bringing the electrical parameters of cables to the standards;

d) restoration of damaged pairs in cables.

Inspection and repair of cables - at least 30% of their length, annually;

Inspection and repair of telephone sewers - at least 30% of the length, annually.

When carrying out repairs of line-cable structures not provided for in the plan, information on the actual volume of repair work performed is submitted to the statistical reporting F.-13 “Communication”.

2.1.1. Repair of cabinet areas

Repair of cabinet areas is carried out (throughout the year) with the frequency shown in Table 1. Before starting work, the cable-splitter should obtain a certificate of electrical measurement of the cables of the cabinet areas being repaired and diagrams of the distribution networks of these areas.

Table 1. Time between repairs of individual structures in the closet area

When inspecting and repairing cable structures in cabinet areas, the following work is performed:

If necessary, replacement of individual sections of cable in the ground and sewer, couplings and gloves;

Bringing the insulation resistance of distribution cables to normal;

Restoration of damaged pairs in distribution cables;

Inspection and tidying up of wall cables on open routes, including straightening individual sections of cable, as well as couplings and gloves, installing missing and replacing fastening fittings that have become unusable;

Relocation of cables on the walls of buildings, caused by a change in the cable route, destruction of the walls of the building, reduction in cable length, reduction in the number of rations, etc.;

Installation of missing and repair of existing protective metal gutters, including painting and fastening work, painting and fastening of gas inlet pipes;

Inspection and tidying up of cable outlets in the building:

Inspection of through holes for cables in the floors of buildings, if necessary, plastering the holes to give them the correct shape (rectangular or round);

Inspection and putting in order cables in technical undergrounds (ground floor or basement);

Inspection and putting in order of overhead cables, including installation of missing ones and replacement of hangers that have become unusable, straightening of moved hangers, distillation and cutting of excess cable reserves, elimination of sheath faults, restoration of cable winding on poles and racks, repair and replacement of individual sections of cable (wire) ;

Carrying out work on partial removal of cables, partial deepening of underwater and underground cables, adding soil in places of gullies, landslides, collapses, straightening, resuming painting and numbering of measuring posts, replacing individual measuring posts;

Repair of distribution cabinets, including: fastening the cabinet (foundation), replacing cross-connections, painting the cabinet, replacing damaged plinths, installing stencils on boxes and cabinets (numbering), filling cabinet boards, completing missing terminal screws, cleaning and checking their reliability;

Repair of the switchgear, including fastening the boxes, replacing the damaged plinth, cleaning the box and plinth from dust and dirt, completing the missing terminal screws and tightening the existing terminal screws to failure, painting the metal body of the box;

Repair of the KJ in the same order as the RK. In addition, the CP must be equipped with protective devices;

Bringing the resistance of groundings, overhead cables and cable boxes to normal.

2.1.2 Repair of cables laid in sewers

When repairing cables laid in sewers, the following work is performed:

Restoring damaged pairs of trunk and interstation cables and bringing the cable insulation resistance to normal;

Inspection and putting in order cables in wells and boxes;

Soldering (welding) of dents, pinches, cracks;

Wiping cables;

Putting in order the transverse soldering of cables with a metal sheath;

Carrying out work to protect cables from corrosion that does not require reconstruction;

Installation of missing pads on the console in wells for cables with a metal sheath;

Inspecting and putting in order gas-tight couplings and eliminating leaks in the cable sheath;

Installation of missing rings (numbering);

Cleaning wells from debris and drying them, sealing channels;

Strengthening and raising the hatch and closing the wells with a lock.

Maintenance and repair of cable transmission lines:
Routine maintenance. To ensure the normal and uninterrupted operation of electrical and underground optical, including in pipelines, cable lines and communication networks at signaling and communication distances, teams of cable workers, cable closets and workshops are organized, depending on the equipment and availability of cable facilities at the distance in a composition corresponding to the approved technical standards.
Cable shop workers monitor the technical condition of cable lines and networks; repair cables, terminal and intermediate devices, underground wells, boxes and cable ducts; prepare cable facilities for winter, and also eliminate damage to cables. When carrying out scheduled and control electrical measurements of all types of cable at distances with large cable networks, an electrician or a senior electrician is appointed, and where there are control and measuring points (instruments), these measurements are carried out by employees of the instrumentation measuring group.
Scheduled measurements make it possible to identify the condition of cables and are the main material for drawing up a repair plan.
To maintain the cable in good condition, preventive measures, current and major repairs are carried out.
Preventive actions. Prevention is carried out throughout the year. It includes: regular inspection of cable routes, all cable devices and elimination of detected defects; drainage of surface water flooding a section of the route; straightening and strengthening sagging control points and measuring posts; leveling the topography of the cable route by adding and compacting soil in places where it settles; external inspection of anti-corrosion installations; inspection of cable boxes, cabinets and booths; adjustment of spark gaps on the caps of arresters and cascade protection.
When checking cables in cable wells, pay attention to where the cable exits the channel and turn it to the side. The cable in these places should be in a free state without tension. Next, check whether there are lead pads on the consoles in all places under the cable, and install the missing pads.
In distribution cabinets, cable kiosks and boxes, check the fastening of boxes, plinths and cables suitable for the boxes. Particular attention is paid to the condition of the crossing wires and their fastening. Carefully check the soldering of the cable cores to the box pins. When soldering oxidizes and turns green, these wires are immediately resoldered.
Maintenance. Carrying out work that does not require significant expenditures of labor and materials is included in routine repairs. This type of work includes deepening and planning the cable route; painting of measuring posts, control points, box frames, cable cabinets and boxes, matching and protective devices; replacing, raising or lowering hatches on cable wells; restoration of damaged plaster in the well; cleaning wells from debris; painting brackets, consoles, hatches, internal surfaces of covers.
During routine repairs, cables are re-routed in wells and tunnels; eliminate ohmic asymmetry of individual pairs; replace lead couplings and cable gloves that have fallen into unsatisfactory condition; deepen cables on the banks of rivers and ravines; strengthen the soil on the slopes of ravines, clear bushes in the security zone of the cable route; check the condition of cable crossings on bridges and dams and eliminate any minor deficiencies found; remount couplings; insert small pieces of cable, restore the soldering between the lead sheaths of the cable.
Current repairs of cable structures are carried out throughout the year, with external work being carried out mainly in the summer, and indoor work in the winter.
Major renovation. Such repairs are carried out according to pre-designed projects and estimates. The estimates include the replacement of individual sections of main cables with reduced core insulation resistance and those that cannot be restored. Major repair work is prepared in advance. The capital repair plan includes repair work of local communication networks at stations, replacement of cables with reduced insulation; insert individual pieces of cable and replace overhead telephone lines with cable.
At distances that have telephone sewerage, cable wells that have fallen into disrepair are rebuilt, damaged channels are restored and additional channels are laid from asbestos-cement pipes.
The overhaul plan includes deepening the cable trench in certain areas, installing the cable under air pressure, carrying out work to protect against electrical and soil corrosion with the inclusion of drainage, replacing measuring posts, repairing or replacing faulty boxes, waterproofing wells, etc.
Repair work is usually carried out in an in-line manner. For certain types of work, the column is divided into groups (teams) specialized by type of work. Upon completion of the repair work, the repaired section of the cable line is accepted by a specially appointed commission.
Operation of cable lines and networks in winter conditions. To ensure trouble-free operation of cable lines and networks in winter conditions, a number of preventive measures and preparatory work are carried out before the onset of cold weather.
First of all, they inspect cable lines, networks and cable inserts, identify the weakest and most vulnerable points and eliminate the detected defects. To establish the condition of the operating cable, electrical measurements of cable circuits are carried out. Carefully check the condition of the cable terminal devices (terminal couplings, boxes, cable boxes, bootlegs, etc.), the tightness of the cable box doors, since if there are cracks in the winter, snow can get into the cable box. Inspect cable supports, supports and guy wires. If local telephone cables are laid in cable ducts, then before the onset of cold weather they are inspected especially carefully.
Pay attention to the fact that there is no water in the channels and sewer wells, which in winter, when frozen, can severely compress the cable laid in the channels and damage it. After inspecting the wells, the top manhole covers are sealed to prevent water and dirt from entering the well during autumn rains.
Additional work on routine maintenance of cable lines and networks in winter should include: clearing snow from hatches of cable wells, distribution cabinets and other cable fittings located in the open air, more careful observation so that in the cable mass, which protects the termination couplings, cracks did not appear due to strong fluctuations in ambient temperature; ice chipping on underwater cables if, due to a significant drop in water level, the cable is frozen into the ice off the coast.
On cable and overhead lines that have submarine cable inserts, the condition of these inserts is inspected and it is determined whether there is a danger of damage to the submarine cable by ice drift.
Local hydrometeorological stations are asked for the time of expected ice drift and flood forecast. Cable supports that may be in the spill area are strengthened. In those places where the underwater cable is laid and there is a danger of its damage, workers and special teams are constantly on duty, provided with emergency supplies of materials, boats, etc. In sections of the route where landslides and soil erosion may occur, preventive measures are also taken occurrence of damage - arrange drainage systems, etc.
It is of great importance to carry out measurements of cable circuits on all cable lines and networks with the onset of spring, as they allow timely detection of possible damage to the cable that occurred during the winter, and thereby prevent cable damage.
Maintenance of the OK suspended on the supports of the contact network and automatic blocking must be carried out in accordance with the rules of its operation.
The scope of work performed at power supply distances should include:
- periodic inspection and assessment of the condition of brackets, support and tension clamps;
- replacement of damaged brackets, clamps, support and tension clamps and other OK fastening parts, anti-corrosion painting of the brackets.
Signaling and communication distances can set the frequency of maintenance work on the equipment, based on the requirements for the stability of the fiber optic line. Electrical safety during the above work is ensured by power supply distances.
When inspecting brackets, supporting and anchoring clamps and their fastening points, the following should be determined:
- condition of welded and bolted connections;
- the position of the anchoring clamps on the OK remains unchanged and there is no damage to it;
- condition of the suspension of the supporting clamps.
Cracks and seam ruptures are not allowed in welded seams. Brackets with cracked welds or broken welds must be replaced.
Cracks and bolt breaks are not allowed in bolted connections. Defective bolts must be replaced. In anchoring clamps, slipping of the clamps along the OC and breaks of wires in the spirals are not allowed. Cracks and dents in the supporting clamps and deformation of fasteners are also not allowed.
When maintaining OK power supply distances, the organizations that carried out the installation must transfer to the power supply distances the necessary supply of parts, assemblies and materials (brackets, clamps, supporting and anchoring clamps) in accordance with approved standards.
Maintenance of cable inputs into communication houses, couplings, equipment that ensures the normal functioning of fiber-optic communication lines, as well as repair of lowered cables in case of damage, is carried out by organizations to which the right to operate them has been transferred. The list of OC maintenance work and the frequency of their implementation is established by the operating organization in accordance with regulatory documents. In the case of planned repairs of couplings, individual sections of the equipment and the need to ensure electrical safety, operating organizations submit applications to the power supply distance for carrying out these works. Based on the distance requests, the necessary personnel are allocated to ensure the safe execution of work.
Each OK damage must be recorded, investigated and analyzed. At the same time, the causes of damage, correct installation, operating conditions are identified, and measures are developed to prevent such damage. The investigation and recording of these cases is carried out by the organization operating the equipment. In the event of an emergency, the organization operating the equipment and the energy dispatcher are obliged to inform each other and make prompt decisions on the urgent restoration of communication and liquidation of the emergency in accordance with the PTE and other regulatory documents.
If it is necessary to relieve tension, a request is submitted to the energy dispatcher to perform work with voltage relief.
The representative of the power supply distance receives a work order and conducts instructions at the work site.
At the work site, the team determines the area of ​​damage, its nature and causes. If necessary, the cable is removed from the supporting clamps and lowered to the ground, and the remaining section of the cable on both sides of the damage site is anchored using tension clamps. The room is prepared for installation and welding work, the damaged section of the OC is cut out and spliced ​​with the insertion of optical couplings.
Upon completion of the work, a notification is given to the dispatcher, who supplies voltage to the contact network. A passport for the restored section of the cable route is drawn up.

Work on the operation of line-cable structures of local communication networks includes maintenance and current repair of line-cable structures, elimination of damage and breakdowns of communication lines in cable ducts and is carried out by communication enterprises. Also, their responsibilities include monitoring the activities of third-party organizations performing construction, reconstruction and major repairs of linear cable structures, for the safety of cable and sewer structures and their acceptance into operation.

All work related to the need to carry out major repairs of line-cable structures must always be carried out by a special team or contractor.
Depending on the types and volumes of linear cable structures, the capacity and structure of the communication network, teams of workers are formed. As a rule, to service cable duct sections on city telephone networks, a joint team is created, which includes two teams of cable welders and a team of electricians. One of the teams of cable solders is engaged in maintenance, repair and elimination of cable damage, and the second team carries out routine repairs and is responsible for maintaining the cables under constant excess gas pressure (sealing). A team of electricians carries out routine repairs and maintenance of sewer communication structures, eliminates damage to cable ducts, and ensures the safety of cable and sewer structures.

On large GTS, line-cable structures are usually divided into technical areas, which in turn are divided into sections. A team of cable solders is assigned to each section and is responsible for the technical condition of cable structures.

The list of main works for carrying out preventive maintenance of linear cable structures includes:

• inspection of the condition of cable lines;
• checking the state of lighting and ventilation;
• monitoring for the absence of displacements, tensions and sagging of cables and straightening their position;
• inspection of the anti-corrosion coating of cables;
• control over the safety of line-cable structures;
• inspection of the external condition of the couplings and their straightening in cable wells;
• checking the serviceability of arresters and fuses.

To ensure uninterrupted operation of telephone communication networks, it is very important to properly organize the technical operation of linear cable structures, periodically inspect cable ducts and carefully monitor cable loads.

Cable load monitoring

Cable load monitoring must be carried out at least twice a year in order to establish the optimal operating mode of the cables to ensure their reliable and economical operation. Constant overloads will lead to a decrease in the quality of cable insulation and significantly reduce their service life. The maximum possible load for cables is calculated over a section of the route at least 10 m long, which has poor thermal conditions.

In case of failure of the cable line for cables with voltage up to 10 kV for no more than 120 hours, loads from 15 to 30% above the established standards are allowed. For cables with a voltage of 20-35 kV, overload is not allowed.

To find out the actual temperature of the current-carrying wires of the cable, it is necessary to measure the temperature of its metal sheath and, if strong heating is detected, measures must be taken to reduce the temperature:

• reduce the load on cables;
• increase the distance between cables;
• improve ventilation in ducts;
• replace with cables with a larger cross-sectional area.

Inspection of cable duct routes

Before starting the inspection, it is necessary to check the line-cable structures for the presence of gas. The cable line route must be kept clean, and the air temperature in cable structures should not be more than 10° higher than the outside air temperature.
The frequency of inspections depends on climatic conditions and the location of underground communication cables and is carried out more often at places where cable lines intersect with communications and during periods of rainfall, when there is a risk of cable damage.

In a special technical inspection log, the employee inspecting cable routes records faults discovered during preventive maintenance of linear cable structures and requiring elimination during repairs.
The frequency of inspections of cable and sewer communication structures is presented in the table.

The ground cover along the route must be free of dips and erosions, since as a result of external and mechanical influences on the optical cable, a cable line break may occur. Excavation work using various mechanisms is allowed at a distance of at least 1 m from the cable route and must ensure the integrity and safety of the cables. At a distance of less than 1 m, work is carried out manually with shovels.

During the operation of line-cable structures, telephone communications may be disrupted - damage to underground cables. Damage to cable ducts includes mechanical damage to pipelines, inspection devices and jumpers between channels. Failure of the most important network cables and damage to at least 20% of the pairs in the cable line is considered an accident.

When eliminating an accident, it is necessary to relieve excess pressure in the cable to atmospheric pressure before opening the couplings. It is necessary to repair cable damage as soon as possible, performing the work efficiently, taking into account the presence of dangerous and harmful production factors in the cable duct and strictly observing safety regulations.

The time frame for eliminating damage in cables with a large number of pairs is presented in the table.

Damage to the optical cable coupling must be repaired within 48 hours.

If a cable in a cable duct is damaged, it is necessary to remove water from the wells and prevent its further entry, ensure good ventilation of the viewing device and heat the walls of the well with the flame of a blowtorch or gas torch. Before starting soldering and installation work, it is imperative to turn off the remote power, and when performing work, it is not recommended to open capacitor and balun couplings.

In order to eliminate cable damage in the coupling, you must:

1. Find the damaged cable using the number rings.
2. Inspect the damaged cable and determine the location of the damage.
3. Remove the coupling from the well and bring it into the installation machine if no damage was found during an external inspection of the cable.
4. Open the coupling or sheath of the damaged cable. To open the couplings, their seams are unsoldered.
5. Determine the boundaries of moisture distribution.
6. Remove moisture by drying.
7. Restore damaged optical fibers of cables by inserting new optical fibers with identical characteristics to the damaged cable.
8. Measure the attenuation of optical fibers of the cable line.
9. Carry out control measurements of insulation resistance.
10. Fill small cracks, punctures and cuts in couplings or cable sheaths. Weld patches of the same material as the shell in case of large holes.
11. Lower and place the optical coupling along with the reserve coils into the well.
12. Carry out control measurements with a reflectometer to check the quality of the cables and compliance of the characteristics with established standards. A reflectometer is used to determine the location of damage to fiber optic lines.

In order to eliminate cable damage in a sewer span, it is necessary:

1. Inspect the route of this section of cable duct.
2. Open the coupling closest to the suspected location of damage.
3. Determine the limits of the channel's passability, the amount of work associated with eliminating the damage and the amount of cable required to replace the damaged span.
4. Open the damaged section of the sewer or pull the cable out of the channel of the damaged span. When inserting a cable along the length of a damaged section or replacing a span by laying a new one, it is necessary to measure the insulation resistance of the cores and check the integrity of the cable sheath. If a damaged cable is laid in pipes, it must be removed from the channels along with the pipes and armored optical cables of the OK ST, OM ZKG, OZKG brands must be used as a new cable. If it is not possible to remove the damaged cable from the channel, then a new one is laid in the same channel.
5. Repair damage to the cable.
6. Repair damaged sewer lines.

Technical characteristics and conditions for laying cables in the ground, data on previous repairs can be found in the line protocol, which must be regularly maintained during the operation of cable lines.

It is always necessary to have a reserve stock of all types of communication cables, wires, tools, materials and equipment for the prompt elimination of accidents that arise during the operation of line cable structures.

During operation, the electrical insulation strength of cable lines gradually decreases due to the effects of overvoltages, elevated temperatures, and mechanical overloads. These processes lead to breakdown in insulation. It is eliminated during the repair work.

Features of cable line repair

Repairs can be emergency and planned; according to their scope, they are divided into current and major. Planning a process such as repair of cable lines is carried out when the need arises to introduce improved, new types of cables.

Also, a major overhaul of cable lines involves replacing products with new versions with a larger cross-sectional area.

Major planned repairs include work that is performed on a disconnected cable after an unexpected breakdown of the insulating layer or a breakdown that occurs as a result of a power surge.

Emergency repair of cable communication lines is carried out after a sudden failure of products.

Repair work includes the following mandatory processes:

• disconnecting the cable line and its grounding at both ends;
• searching for the location of damage;
• excavation of trenches and pits;
• searching for a cable in a trench that needs repair;
• fencing the excavation site and direct work;
• cable puncture;
• checking the insulating layer for moisture.

To plan the repair of power cables, appropriate documentation is maintained taking into account all established standards and rules. Cable replacement can be done in blocks, in cable and production rooms.

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Maintenance and repair of cable lines must be carried out by qualified craftsmen, as special high requirements are placed on it.

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The company's professionals will carry out maintenance and repair of cable power lines using high-tech equipment and modern tools. Services provided at low prices include budgeting.

This allows the customer to become familiar with future expenses in advance. The cost of work depends on its complexity and area of ​​implementation.

Maintenance of cable lines is necessary in any case as it guarantees long service life. Not only the cables themselves, but also the connecting and shut-off valves, installed equipment, equipment must not only comply with the standards, but also be constantly maintained in this condition.

Routes are laid at the required distance from ravines, cliffs, and reservoirs. Some soils require strengthening in order to avoid collapses and landslides, as they can change the depth determined by the project, which is unacceptable.

When the route crosses roads, other utility networks, cables are laid in the main pipe and are additionally protected by an additional pipe. In those places on the route where it is especially vulnerable, warning signs will certainly be installed. The above-ground parts of the route are protected by embanking, covering with turf and sowing with grass.

What does proper operation of cable communication lines mean?

The process of operating cable lines means that the object is guaranteed to be characterized by:

• uninterrupted operation of structures, including dangerous, emergency, and particularly difficult conditions;
• keeping them in a condition that complies with current technical and safety standards;
• compliance with all standards regarding operating technology issues;
• increasing the profitability of enterprises by reducing costs for unforeseen repairs and additional maintenance;
• introduction of innovation, new technology and equipment;
• mandatory and timely maintenance of cable communication lines.

The volume, methods, composition and schedule of technical services are established and changed individually for each facility, depending on its length, composition and technical characteristics.

Maintenance of cable lines. Production methods and organization

The use of one method or another depends on the seasonal conditions, the equipment of the site, and many other factors.

There are three maintenance methods:

1. Centralized, in which all personnel are concentrated in the control department. In this case, a motorized inspection is performed. Special teams are being created and are actively working, providing them with modern means of communication and transportation.
2. Decentralized (precinct) - applicable if there is no real opportunity to carry out a full inspection. The route is divided into sections, each of which is assigned a maintenance team located in close proximity to the section being serviced.
3. Combined. When maintenance of different parts of the route is carried out using both methods.

Principles of technical maintenance of cable communication lines

Maintenance, as with many other systems and networks, is carried out in two types:

• current;
• planned and preventive.
• Both types of maintenance are performed, including:
• technical supervision of serviceability and compliance with the rules for ensuring the protection and creation of all conditions for the safety of both the route itself and all its parts;
• prevention of malfunctions;
• monitoring the stability of cable characteristics;
• minor repairs;
• ensuring constant emergency maintenance of materials reserves;
• routine and prompt repair of accidents and damages;
• maintaining machinery and other entrusted property in proper condition;
• installation and maintenance of warning signs in the proper quantity and condition;
• preparatory work for the change of season, ensuring safety during demolition, excavation, hydro-treatment and construction work in the area where the lines lie.

All actions and data related to maintenance are recorded in a special log.