Walnut tree: growing features. Description of the walnut tree (with photos and videos) How to grow a tree from a walnut
Many people on the planet have probably tried the amazingly delicious cashew nuts. But few people imagine how they are born and what the tree on which they grow actually looks like. The scientific name of the plant is Cashew (Anacardium, Indian nut). This tree is native to Brazil. Cashews love light and soil containing a high percentage of nutrients with good drainage. The maximum height that cashews reach is thirty meters. This plant can safely be classified as a long-livers; it can reach the age of one hundred years. Cashews are planted with seeds.
As already noted, in the natural environment for this tree, it can reach a height of 30 meters. In other conditions, 13-15 meters. Cashew is an evergreen plant with a short trunk and branches located quite low. Indian walnut is the proud owner of a thick, spreading crown with a diameter of 11-13 meters.
Cashew leaves may appear artificial and plastic in appearance. They are oval or egg shaped, very dense, leathery. Their length reaches twenty-two centimeters, 15 centimeters width.
Cashew inflorescences can hardly be called beautiful. The flowers are pale, greenish-pink in color, small, consisting of 5 thin petals with sharp tips, collected in the likeness of a panicle. The flowering of Indian walnut can be called long-lasting (several weeks), the reason is that the flowers do not bloom all at once, but one by one. Depending on climatic conditions, cashews can bloom up to three times a year; this tree alternates periods of dormancy, vegetation and growth.
Cashew nuts
It is worth taking a closer look at the description of the Indian nut fruit. Externally, the fruit looks like a yellow or red bell pepper. The size of the fruit is quite large, the stalk is oval or pear-shaped, from six to twelve centimeters long. Under the stalk there is fibrous pulp - yellow, very juicy with a sour taste, slightly astringent to the mouth. This fruit formation is called a pseudofruit or cashew apple. Countries engaged in the cultivation of Indian nuts collect about twenty-five thousand tons of such pseudo-fruits per year. They are suitable for food, they make excellent alcoholic drinks, delicious preserves, jams, juices and compotes. But that same famous cashew nut is located at the end of the stalk or pseudo-fruit.
The appearance of the nut resembles a comma or a small boxing glove. The fruit is hidden under a double protection of the shell, the outer green and smooth, the inner rough. Just under these shells is the nut itself; its average weight is one and a half grams.
As stated above, the Indian nut comes from Brazil. There, the cultivation of this fruit tree has been practiced since time immemorial. Cashews are now grown in about thirty-two countries around the world where tropical climates prevail.
Cashew is easy to care for. The main thing is warmth and nutritious well-drained soil. Loves sun and light, but can also grow in partial shade. It survives drought and high temperatures well, but does not like cold and frost.
The cashew plant is popular in many countries, largely because of its fruit. The peculiarity of cashew nuts is that they are sold exclusively without shells. Because it is poisonous due to the content between the outer shell and the core of phenolic resin, which causes burns when it comes into contact with human skin. That is why, before nuts go on sale, the shells are removed and high-quality processing is carried out to ensure that the toxic oil completely disappears.
The fruits from the tree are collected after they are fully ripened. The process is absolutely simple: the ripe fruit is picked from the tree, the nut is separated from the pseudo-fruit, dried in the sun, then fried on metal sheets, after which the shell is carefully removed.
Uses of cashew nuts
Cashew is a very healthy thing; it contains minerals. It is eaten both raw and fried, and is actively used in cooking. Indian nuts are an excellent addition to first and second courses, appetizers and salads, and they are also added to baked goods. It also produces wonderful oil, in no way inferior to peanut butter. Roasted nuts have a sweetish, pleasant taste. When frying, salt is added to preserve the aroma.
Cashew nuts are truly unique: they are even used for medicinal purposes (they treat anemia, psoriasis, dystrophy, and strengthen the immune system). According to its composition, the Indian nut is a storehouse of essential nutrients. It contains proteins, starch, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fats, natural sugars, Omega-3 fatty acids. If you eat cashew nuts in moderation and daily, your body will be enriched with all the necessary substances. Cashews have a high calorie content: 630 kcal per 100 grams of product.
The downside of cashews is that this product can cause allergies. Therefore, people prone to it should eat these nuts with special care. Main symptoms: itching, nausea, swelling, vomiting.
Nowadays, there is a huge selection of cashews on sale: roasted and unroasted nuts, whole and split. What should you pay attention to first? Of course, on the appearance of the product and its smell. Naturally, there is no need to buy nuts that are not marketable. They should be nice, smooth, and free of foreign odors. There are several nuances: this way, whole nuts are stored much longer than crushed ones (six months in the refrigerator, a year in the freezer). If the nut is kept warm for a long time, it becomes bitter and may even germinate.
A fair question arises: is it possible to grow such a useful curiosity at home? The answer is definitely yes. But you will have to tinker: you need to create conditions for the tree that are close to tropical: warm and humid. As noted above, cashews reproduce by seeds, which must first be germinated, for which they must be placed in a container with water for two days. An important point is that the water with the seeds should be changed twice a day, because poisonous juice seeps out of them, turning the water blue. This procedure is done very carefully using gloves to avoid getting burned.
Pots for planting must be prepared in advance. The soil should not be heavy, on the contrary - nutritious and loose. One seed is planted in one pot. The first cashew shoots will appear in two to three weeks. The pots should be placed in a well-lit place, under the sun. It is imperative to monitor temperature conditions, control air humidity, and regularly spray and water the plant. It is recommended to use any universal fertilizer as a top dressing.
Cashews grow quite quickly, so in the first years after planting it is worth carrying out tree pruning procedures. With good proper care, cashews can begin to bear fruit in the second or third year of life. For the best yield, it is recommended to prune in the fall, leaving only the trunk and skeletal branches.
When the tree is harvested, all parts of the cashew nut are used for food. The nuts themselves undergo the necessary processing and are sent to various countries for sale. The pseudofruit is also used in the food industry. However, unlike the nut itself, it deteriorates very quickly due to the large amount of tannin it contains, so it cannot be transported. And you can taste this wonder only in countries where cashews directly grow.
In addition to nutritional value, this product also contains others: for example, in Africa it is used for tattooing, in Brazil as an aphrodisiac. Cashews are good for treating colds and stomach disorders. In addition, the oil extracted from the shell is used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This product is also used to make varnish, drying oil, and rubber. Indian walnut wood is durable and resistant to rotting processes, for this reason it is actively used in shipbuilding and furniture production.
Cashews have been cultivated since ancient times by the Tinuka Indians, who lived in the territory of modern Brazil. They nicknamed the cashew "yellow fruit", which is obvious from its appearance.
In general, if you set a goal, then in a home greenhouse it is quite possible to grow a full-fledged cashew tree. The main thing is to provide it with proper care, atmosphere and care.
tree with nuts
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Botanical name: Walnut (Juglans regia). Representative of the genus Walnut, the Nut family.
Homeland of the walnut: Central Asia, Caucasus.
Lighting: light-loving, shade-tolerant.
The soil: fertile, well drained.
Watering: moderate.
Maximum tree height: 30 m.
average life expectancy: 1000 years.
Landing: seeds, vegetatively.
What a walnut looks like: photo of the tree and its fruits
Walnut is a tall tree, reaching up to 30 m in height. It has a wide, spreading crown with numerous branches extending at right angles. The root system is powerful, spreading over a radius of about 20 m. At the age of 80 years, the main root reaches a depth of 5-7 m, lateral roots - 12 m. The root system does not form shoots, but after the death of its above-ground part, shoots appear from the root collar. The tree trunk is straight, up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is light gray, fissured.
The leaves are compound, alternate, imparipinnate, entire, sometimes serrated in the upper part, consisting of 5-9 elongated ovate leaves. The length of the leaf blade can reach 4-7 cm. The leaves have a strong specific smell.
The flowers are small and green in color. Male ones in thick multi-flowered earrings, collected in the axils of the leaves. Females are single or collected in 2-3 pieces, formed on the tops of annual branches. Flowering occurs in late April - early May, simultaneously with or before the leaves bloom. Lasts 15 days. Flowers are pollinated by the wind or pollen from neighboring trees.
You can see how a walnut blooms in the photo, which proves that the tree looks very impressive during this period. The fruits are false drupes containing one four-lobed seed covered with a thin film. The peel is thick, hard, finely wrinkled, smooth, sometimes lumpy. Shell thickness – 0.5 – 1.5 mm. Thick-shelled nuts have a shell thickness of 2.2 mm. When fully ripe, the shell bursts and divides into two parts. The fruits ripen in late August - early September. Their weight and size depend on the variety and place of growth. They can be small, weighing up to 8 g, medium, weighing 9-10 g, or large, weighing more than 12 g. The shape of the nuts is round, oval, ovoid or obovate.
The plant begins to bear fruit 8-12 years after planting. The richest harvests are produced by 50-60 year old trees. From one individual you can get from 10 to 300 kg of fruits per year (depending on age and growing conditions). So, from a 9-year-old plant, on average, 5 kg of fruits are obtained per year, from 20 - 100 kg, from 30 - 150 kg, from 40 - 200 kg, 50 - 250 kg. Especially large harvests are taken from trees standing alone.
Walnut is long-lived. Grown in a garden plot, it can live up to 200-500 years. In the wild - up to 1000 years and longer.
When describing the walnut, one cannot fail to mention that this plant has a high shoot-restorative ability and quickly recovers after pruning the crown or freezing in severe frosts.
The photo presented in our gallery shows all the characteristic features of the walnut.
Where is the walnut grown and how does it bloom (with photo)
The tree’s homeland is Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Iran, where, according to the historical version, this culture was known 8,000 years ago. It grows wild on the northern, western and eastern mountain slopes, in gorges, and along river valleys. It settles at an altitude of 1500-2000 m above sea level. It grows singly or in small groups, occasionally forming groves.
Today, walnuts are grown in China, India, Japan, Greece, Asia Minor and Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Western Europe, Ukraine and other countries with warm climates. In Russia, it is cultivated in the south of the European part, for example, in the Kuban, Stavropol Territory, Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region. Cold-resistant varieties have been bred for northern regions, but the plant cannot withstand severe frosts. Walnut is cultivated in the form of single trees and large plantations. Its main producers: USA, China, Türkiye, Moldova.
The tree is propagated by seeds and vegetative methods. When propagated by seed, all the qualitative features of the variety are preserved. Seeds from last year's harvest have the highest germination potential. Two- and three-year harvests are characterized by reduced germination.
You can learn more about walnuts by watching the following video:
The fruits of this tree are a valuable food product with high taste. Their nutritional value is superior to meat. The kernel contains fats (60-70%), proteins (9-15%), carbohydrates (5-15%). In addition, they contain glucose, sucrose, starch, tannins, vitamins, minerals, pectins, and fiber. The tannin content gives the walnut a tart, slightly astringent taste.
The kernels are eaten mainly raw. No processing required. Widely used in the confectionery industry in the manufacture of cakes, halva, pastries and other products.
Oil is obtained from walnut kernels and is used for food and technical purposes.
The cake is used to feed livestock.
The wood is easy to process, polishes well, has a beautiful pattern, and therefore is a valuable raw material for the production of furniture and finishing plywood.
Black dye is obtained from the shell of the fruit, which is used for dyeing fabrics.
Many gardeners know firsthand how walnuts bloom, since they grow this crop for decorative purposes. During the flowering and fruiting period, the tree looks very unusual and attractive. In addition, the plant is planted along roads, in parks and squares for landscaping cities. Thanks to its powerful root system, it is also used to strengthen ravines.
When purchasing this product, you should know what a high-quality edible walnut looks like. It is better to choose large fruits with thin shells, or give preference to elongated oval-shaped fruits, since the shells of round ones are thicker, therefore, their core is smaller. The shell should not have cracks, damage or scratches. Good kernels are dense and elastic, with a golden hue, covered with a thin film. As a rule, light-weight fruits turn out to be empty.
Cedar is a majestic, powerful tree. The height of the cedar is 40-42 meters, the thickness of the trunk is up to 2 meters. The needles are long, 7-15 centimeters, dark green or bright green. Cedar lives up to 500 years. The cones are large, the size of a large goose egg, ripen in the second year and fall off along with the seeds (“pine nuts”). Ripe nuts can be obtained directly from the tree by birds (nutcrackers, crows), squirrels and chipmunks. The rest of the animals collect nuts on the ground after the cones fall. People collect pine seeds - “nuts” for future use; they are a very tasty delicacy. A healing infusion against scurvy is made from cedar needles. Cedar wood is light, durable, beautiful, and is used to make furniture. In addition, cedar wood can be easily cut in all directions, so it serves as a valuable raw material for the production of pencils.
The main advantage of Siberian cedar is its seeds (nuts). They are tasty, high in calories and easy to digest. Nuts have a very high content of proteins and fats, as well as vitamins A, B, E, F, as well as a high content of many essential microelements. 
The nutritional and healing properties of nuts are largely explained by the qualitative composition of fats, proteins, and other substances contained in them. The fat of pine nuts differs from other fats in its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid.
